Op-ed: Racing Against Time: KZN’s Flood Woes Demand Urgent Action

Flooding is a multifaceted problem with far-reaching consequences. It is one of the most common types of natural disasters and it has become a frequent occurrence in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Moreover, due to climate variability, this challenge is likely to persist.

In April 2022 severe flooding and landslides caused by heavy rainfall caused the deaths of at least 459 people, displaced more than 40 000, destroyed over 12 000 houses, and left 45 000 people temporarily unemployed in the province, with infrastructure and business losses estimated at US$2 billion. It was one of the worst flooding events in recorded history and Durban was the worst affected. In January 2024, Durban was hit by yet another flooding disaster. Despite being of relatively lower magnitude than the previous disaster, the casualties, loss of property, shattered infrastructure, and ensuing hopelessness and despair bear witness to the ruthless impact of these floods on Durban and other affected cities across the country. One life lost is one too many as each represents someone’s partner, child, parent, friend, neighbour, or colleague.

Research and scientific evidence show that the spate of floods in KZN and Durban in particular speaks to a confluence of factors that have metamorphosed into a perfect storm and paints a grim picture of climate change and its ramifications. The historic high temperatures recorded in 2023 are alarming proof of Earth’s escalating environmental upheaval. Increased carbon emissions have resulted in drastic shifts in weather patterns, leading to increased rainfall and subsequent floods and posing significant threats to communities and the environment as a whole.

However, climate change does not offer a complete explanation for this phenomenon. The lack of risk-informed urban planning has meant that many areas currently affected by severe flooding were built without considering the potential risks. A proactive approach to urban planning that takes into account the potential impact of natural disasters such as flooding is thus imperative.

Poor maintenance of existing infrastructure is another crucial factor. Chronic neglect of the maintenance of vital infrastructure such as drainage systems not only exacerbates the severity of flooding, but endangers communities and further exposes the fragility of our urban centres. Poorly-designed and inadequately maintained roads and buildings crumble under the relentless assault of floodwaters. The scars of past floods and looting still mar the landscape, hindering the region’s and particularly Durban’s ability to rebuild.

Blocked infrastructure due to inadequate waste management practices also contributes to severe flooding. Tardy waste collection services, improper disposal of garbage, and the lack of efficient drainage systems can result in blockages that further worsen the impact of heavy rainfall. The intricate dance between poor drainage systems and plastic pollution unveils a deeper malaise in our environmental stewardship. The plastic detritus clogging vital conduits and rendering infrastructure ineffective points to collective negligence. It’s a stark reminder that our actions, or lack thereof, have tangible consequences for our cities’ resilience. Robust waste management systems are thus essential.

In some cases, inappropriate land use and urban areas’ unchecked expansion into flood-prone zones have resulted in increased vulnerability to extreme weather events. Strong enforcement of land use policies that restrict development in high-risk areas is essential to minimise the impact of flooding on communities.

It is clear that we are racing against time to prepare for this new reality. A comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach is required to address the existential threat posed by the recurring floods.

Within the context of the built environment, numerous strategies can be implemented to address the challenges posed by inadequate urban planning and mitigate climate change. Strategic planning and policy interventions are essential to build sustainable and resilient cities. These should include:

1. Community Engagement: Involving the local community in decision-making related to urban planning and climate change mitigation is paramount. This inclusive approach encourages the generation of innovative ideas and solutions tailored to the specific needs of each locality

2. Proactive Land-Use Planning: Mixed-use development and density, and the preservation of green spaces in city zoning and land-use regulations are essential. This strategy aims to curb urban sprawl and promote the creation of compact, walkable neighbourhoods. Construction on flood-prone areas such as floodplains, coastal zones and low-lying areas should be avoided. Considering the natural flood patterns and recognising high-risk areas can minimise the potential damage caused by flooding

3. Enhance Green Infrastructure: Integration of green spaces such as parks and urban forests into urban planning yields manifold benefits. These areas serve as carbon sinks, improve air quality, regulate the temperature, and contribute to urban residents’ overall well-being. Natural features such as wetlands, riparian zones, and forests should be enhanced and preserved to act as natural buffers against flooding. These areas absorb excess water and reduce the impact on nearby urban areas

4. Improved drainage infrastructure: An efficient network of stormwater drains, sewers and retention ponds is essential to control the flow of water during heavy rainfall. This infrastructure should be regularly maintained and upgraded to ensure its effectiveness

5. Sustainable Mobility: Investment in pedestrian and cyclist infrastructure, coupled with advocacy for electric vehicles and car-sharing programmes would diminish reliance on private cars and enhance air quality. Sustainable mobility options foster more liveable and healthy urban environments

6. Adaptation Measures: Climate change adaptation should be an integral facet of urban planning strategies. This involves the implementation of flood management systems, building resilience, and ensuring access to basic services during extreme weather events

7. Public awareness and education: It is crucial to educate residents and stakeholders on the risks associated with flooding and the importance of implementing flood-resistant measures. Awareness campaigns and community engagement can foster a sense of responsibility in preventing flooding

8. International Co-operation: Recognising that climate change and urban planning challenges transcend national borders, collaborative efforts with other cities are crucial. By embracing best practices from around the world, cities can learn from one another and devise innovative solutions to shared problems.

Diligent implementation of these strategies could mitigate the effects of climate change and enhance urban planning practices. Collective action and sustainable choices are imperative for the betterment of our communities and the well-being of future generations. Effective urban planning is a key factor in preventing flooding and reducing its adverse effects on urban communities. By integrating sustainable and resilient design principles, we can create cities that prioritise flood prevention and minimise the damage caused by such disasters. Collaboration among planners, architects, engineers, policymakers, and communities is essential to develop long-term solutions.

In conclusion, while climate change and carbon emissions are undeniably significant factors, we must also address issues such as risk-informed urban planning, infrastructure maintenance, waste management, and enforcement of land use regulations. By tackling these challenges head-on, we can work towards creating resilient communities that are better equipped to deal with the effects of severe flooding. At this critical juncture, decisions made today will indelibly shape the fate of our cities. We need to learn from our mistakes, embrace innovative approaches, and prioritise risk-informed development in our policies and plans. Drawing inspiration from other nations like Japan, which efficiently manage natural disasters, is imperative. The time to act is now, as those who fail to learn from the past may find themselves ensnared in a cycle of calamity.

*Hangwelani Hope Magidimisha-Chipungu is a full Professor of Town and Regional Planning at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. She is also a South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) Chair for Inclusive Cities supported by the National Research Foundation and South Africa City Networks. As a practitioner, she is a member of the National Planning Commission appointed by the President of the Republic of South Africa. Magidimisha-Chipungu is the Academic Leader in the Planning and Housing Discipline at the University of KwaZulu-Natal and a board member of the South African Council of Planners.

*The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Published 16 February 2024